Stakeholder value inclusive design: Using the contested issues game structuring approach (CIGAS) in Texas

If we want to incorporate multiple functions in a flood defense structure, system or strategy, it is imperative that we consider the different and often diverging interests and values of involved stakeholders. Since these interests and values are not always self-evident, stakeholder consultations are a vital part of an integrated and sustainable design trajectory for a multifunctional flood defense (MFFD). However, consulting stakeholders can be done in many ways; this can range from ‘informing’ stakeholders to actually facilitating them to express their local knowledge and values, and deriving design strategies based on this input. In the Texas case, MFFD researchers had the opportunity to continue developing a new tool: the Contested Issues GAme Structuring approach (CIGAS).